Multiple Identity Disorder Essay - 1062 Words

Angela, a twenty-three year old single mother, is a full-time employee at the local rundown diner. She has struggled with addiction and depression since her teenaged years. A week shy of her seventeenth birthday, she was violently raped by the seniors on her high school football team. After many threats and intimidation, Angela had no choice but to keep a secret. Voices different from her own have been speaking in her mind, and it eventually drove her crazy. Like every good millennial, she went to Google and found the closest and cheapest psychiatrist. After a few tests, it was obvious Angela suffered from Dissociative Identity Disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder. According to article â€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder†,†¦show more content†¦These identities can have their own age, story, gender, race and even different handwritings â€Å"(Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder))†. The voices can speak to the perso n and the patient could be wrestling with the different voices. The voices or alters could also try to control the individual’s mind. The symptoms are not accepted by society or cultural/religious practice (â€Å"Dissociative Disorder†). Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed by the subtle symptoms are. Men usually present with more violent and aggressive behavior (â€Å"Dissociative Disorders†). History of DID The first case presented of Dissociative Identity Disorder was in 1584; Jeanne Fery was twenty-five years of age when she started presenting symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID Research, 2016). Although she served as a Dominican Nun, she suffered from her alters and personalities (DID Research, 2016). Jeanne Fery had multiple alters, and each had their own name, identity and identity features (DID Research, 2016). The different alters had several variations of personalities. Sometimes, her identities would be positive and help her through daily operations but otherwise it would encourage self-harm (DID Research, 2016). The negative thoughts did not stop at self-harm; it would escalate into eating disorders and even suicidal thoughts. It was revealed Jeanne suffered from physical and possible sexual abuse in her childhood (DIDShow MoreRelatedMultiple Personality Disorder Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesMultiple Personality Disorder Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a mental disease that exists in about one percent of the population. Much research supports the existence of this disease and its origins, causes and effects on the people in who suffer with it. This essay will clearly define Multiple Personality Disorder along with a detailed synopsis of the disease itself. The diagnosis, alter personalities, different treatments and views will indicate the disease is real. The AmericanRead MoreBipolar And Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Mejia November 10, 2015 ELA-9 period-5 Bipolar v. Dissociative Identity Disorder Informative Essay Several people mix and confuse some of the causes and symptoms of Bipolar disorder and Dissociative Identity disorder. While both disorders do share certain symptoms, the differences could not be more prominent. Both disorders have similar causes, symptoms and treatment options. There are cases where the disorders have taken over, or they have become a part of people’s everyday lives. AlthoughRead MoreBipolar And Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay728 Words   |  3 Pages Elizabeth Mejia November 10, 2015 ELA-9 period-5 Bipolar v. Dissociative Identity Disorder Informative Essay Several people mix and confuse some of the causes and symptoms of Bipolar disorder and Dissociative Identity disorder. While both disorders do share certain symptoms, the differences could not be more prominent. Both disorders have similar causes, symptoms and treatment options. There are cases where the disorders have taken over, or they have become a part of people’s everyday lives. AlthoughRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Dominant Ideology in Various Media Texts1060 Words   |  5 Pagesabsence of signs to illustrate his point that order and disorder coincide and vie for control in this fictional universe, and in the process illustrate Ideology. Perhaps in contrast, the essay by Fisk on polysemy in television, calls for the need to deconstruct media texts on the basis of multileveled, and polysemic, meanings within the text that stem from unresolved conflicts, which is important for television to be popular. Though both essays seem to approach a similar focus, in the import ance ofRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Heterosexuality1250 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"How you feel isn’t what you are† Bethany E. Drake Composition 1010 Shannon Ward 17 October 2017  How you feel isn’t what you are This is a argumentative essay against the notions of gender roles portrayed by masculine and feminine traits, from section four of Composing Gender â€Å"How Do We Define Sexuality†? The idea that one individual can â€Å"feel† masculine or â€Å"feel† feminine does not make them a male or female. â€Å"Throughout Composing Gender, many readings refer to sexuality as an inevitable partRead MoreThe Role Of Self Identity For Adolescents939 Words   |  4 Pageschallenging and significant stage during life transition. In this phrase, the individuals not only developing physical and sexual maturation but also experiencing the development of identity and transitions into social and economic independence (WHO, 2014). This essay will discuss the different concept of self-identity for adolescents, the important predictable and unpredictable elements during the transition, as well as the nurses’ role in relation to adolescence care. According to Erikson’s theoryRead MoreThe Personality Disorder : Sybil s Story Of Commercial Artist Shirley Ardell Mason840 Words   |  4 Pagesreturned home to find people referring to her as someone else. In this famous novel, Sybil was diagnosed with Dissociative identity disorder (D.I.D.). It is a mental disorder that falls under the dissociation spectrum, and was known previously as the multiple personality disorder. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), it is a severe condition of identity disruption characterized by two or more distinct personality states. D.I.D. is a rare disease that has higher prevalence inRead MoreSwitching Time : A Doctor s Harrowing Story Of Treating Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesit will become incredibly clear that Karen suffers from Dissociative Identity Disorder, or Multiple Personality Disorder as it is more commonly known. The rest of her treatment becomes dedicated to uncovering the basis from which her mind has const ructed these personalities and reveal the truth hidden in her lost time. Karen suffers from Dissociative Identity Disorder, a mental illness characterized by â€Å" a disruption of identity. . . by two or more distinct personalities† â€Å" that alternate controlRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Treatment Of Severe Depression Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesit will become incredibly clear that Karen suffers from Dissociative Identity Disorder, or, more commonly known, Multiple Personality Disorder. The rest of her treatment becomes dedicated to uncovering the reasons her mind has constructed these personalities and reveal the truth hidden in the periods of time she’s lost. Karen suffers from Dissociative Identity Disorder, a mental illness characterized by â€Å" a disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personalities† â€Å" that alternateRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1900 Words   |  8 PagesAcademic Assignment: Dissociative Identity Disorder and its representation in the media This essay will look at Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) and its portrayal in the media. DID was formally known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD).This essay will cover the symptoms of DID, the criteria used for diagnosis, causes and triggers of disorder, how the disorder is portrayed in the media and the reality of the disorder for sufferers. According to the (American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic

Examining Whether or not Brutus is a Hero or Villain in...

â€Å"You either die a hero or live long enough to see yourself become the villain.† Harvey Dent, The Dark Knight. This quote can be assimilates to Brutus in Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar. In a way he died as a hero but he did live long enough and saw himself becoming the villain. Throughout the play, Brutus had been consumed in a lot of drama and deaths. The readers can tell the internal arguments he has with himself about it too. In William Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar, there are many tragic deaths, drama, and heroes and villains. The question is, who is the hero and who is the villain. Brutus is an honorable man in this play but when Cassius, one of the main characters, and antagonists from the play, points out to Brutus why he†¦show more content†¦Brutus is a devoted friend of Caesar and since they are such trusty friends, Brutus can lead Caesar to Cassiuss trap without speculating anything because he thinks Brutus is noble to him. Once Cass ius gets what he wants, Brutus to be on his side, they and some others begin to plan how they will get to Caesar and kill him. Then when Brutus agrees to join the conspiracy to annihilate Caesar, it is the beginning of him becoming the villain. He is still the hero though; he only joined the conspiracy for the good of Rome. This was the noblest Roman of them all. / All the conspirators save only he / Did that they did in envy of great Caesar. / He only in a general honest thought / And common good to all, made one of them (V.v.68-72). This quote is said by Antony at the end of the play. In that scene, he and Caesars adopted son, Octavius have seen Brutuss dead body. They have seen the good in Brutus and have noticed that he has acted out of his love for Rome. ...not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more (III.ii.21). That was part of the speech Brutus gave to the citizens after he and the other conspirators killed Caesar. This was the last act Brutus did before he sta rted becoming more of a villain. This quote and the quote Antony says at the end of the play are the same. They both are saying how Brutus didnt really want to kill Caesar. He just felt like he had no choice, he saw that what Caesar was doing was changing Rome.Show MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesof some kinds of narrative, all plots, unfortunately, do not lend themselves to such neat and exact formulations. Even when they do, it is not unusual for critics and readers to disagree among themselves about the precise nature of the conflict – whether, for example, the protagonist is more in conflict with society than he is with himself – or about where the major crisis, or turning point of the narrative actually occurs. Nor is there any special reason that the crisis should occur at or near the

Medieval Times Free Essays

Imagine you are in Medieval Times, the food, the people, the weapons. The bus ride was long. I could not wait to see the castle, the medieval castle looked like. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was amazed when I got to the castle. You need to work on these sentences to make your writing stronger. â€Å"Show me, don’t tell me. † Use sensory words! The last sentence (your thesis) should be 1 sentence. Try combining the last two sentences of this paragraph. Medieval Times is an accurate representation of the Middle Ages. That is because of the food and beverages, weapons, and the extras. Primarily Good transition and topic sentence. , the food and beverages were accurate. You had water to drink. The chicken was good and was a little salty, so it was beneficial to have water to drink. Also, at dinner time, a food option was soup or stew. We however Switch these words and insert a comma. did not have soup or stew because it was lunch time and not dinner. On the other hand, the weapons were realistic. The knight was training his squires with certain weapons. Like the halberd is a combination of a battle-axe and a pike. Also, the bludgeon, a type of mace, was also used. Then they were using swords. Finally, the dagger was used, a small sword. Furthermore, the extras were amazing. The dancing and bowing horse from Saudi Arabia was the best part. The falcon with the bell on his foot was also a tradition of the opening ceremony. The color of the knight’s armor and the horse’s armor also told where they came from. Like the red knight, Baron Ruiz de Roig was from Castilla. Similarly, the black and white knight, Don Iofre Santa Creu was from Santiago de Compostela. That is why I think Medieval Times is an accurate representation of the Medieval era. You do not need to tell me â€Å"That is why I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The first sentence should be the exact same sentence from your thesis. I think this because of the extras, the weapons and last but not least, the food and beverages. I do think it is a great show to see so, I do recommend Why do you recommend it? I need more than you enjoyed it. that next year’s 7th grade class should see the medieval times show. I liked it, it was enjoyable. How to cite Medieval Times, Essay examples

Essay on The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd Essay Example For Students

Essay on The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd Essay Racism: Then and Now. The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd is a book discussing the internal strife of a young white girl, in a very racist 1960’s south. The main character, Lily Owens, faces many problems she must overcome, including her personal dilemma of killing her own mother in an accident. Sue Monk Kidd accurately displays the irrationality of racism in the South during mid- 1960s not only by using beautiful language, but very thoroughly developed plot and character development. Kidd shows the irrationality of racism through the characters in her book, The Secret Life of Bees and shows that even during that time period, some unique people, were able to see beyond the heavy curtain of racism that separated people from each other. While Lily’s quest isn’t easy, she finds that â€Å"†¦nobody is perfect. And How you just have to close your eyes and breathe out and let the puzzle of the human heart be what it is.† (Kidd 285). To prove that she is coming of age, she follows the pattern, and manages to with a strong will, and a maturity that is generally unknown to others her age. Lily faces so. . inds love along the way. She makes rash decisions in bad situations, faces the truth that she has been avoiding, and finds her place in the world. While her journey takes some unexpected twists, Lily learns to make the best of what she has, and go for what she wants. She learns to move on from the past, and make a brighter future. But most importantly, Lily learns to accept that life is unpredictable and that by doing her best Lily is living life the way she wants to. Works Cited†¢ Kidd, Sue Monk. The Secret Life of Bees. New York: Penguin Group, 2002. Print.†¢ Brinkman, Mrs. The Quest Pattern Theory. ENG3U1. Norwood District High School. 22 Apr. 2014. Class lecture.†¢ Joseph Campbell and the Heros Journey. HeroQuest Adventures; spiritual quests to renew purpose, create vision, success. . N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2014.

World religion an Example by

World religion There is an engaging in a lively and stimulating debate regarding the escalating interest in spirituality and its effect upon human civilization down the history. In fact it could be ascertained that the re-enchantment of the popular culture with alternative spiritualities and, interestingly, argues that this is spawned by an occluded spirituality within the culture itself, despite its secular nature. This rising spirituality, which could be termed as occulture, is informed by a wide range of ideas, practices and methodologies that traditionally have not resided within mainstream religions. (King, 2006) Need essay sample on "World religion" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Being territorial and maintaining privacy are other aspects of a man that proves his incompetence and as he knows this open secret quite well enough he tries to acquire as much as room possible for himself. This sense of territory makes him go to the extent to make an identity as a distinctive commune that is specifically different from others. This is almost a case of identity crisis for human. Thus to protect this identity he creates authority, morality, religion, philosophy and other conceptual prejudices. Right from the era of Neanderthal religion and Cro-Magnon religion to the course of Neolithic religion this trend is quite evident. However, to develop this sense of commune the human race developed different specific rites, created specific myths and manifested totems and taboos that is signifies the identity of the clan. This also manifested power for the powerful and it reflected in the acts of sacrifice like the early pagans and later Aztecs and Mayas. Sacrifice is one element that appears to be the common factor among early religions and it is directly related to the survival of the clan along with creating a sense of superiority over the other clans. Nevertheless, the projection of sacrifice was devoted to a spiritual being in order to please that being but the ultimate idea was to prove that a specific clan or commune was better and more powerful than the other was and the territorial dominance is sustained. (Kar, 2001) However, during the development of the later religions like Buddhism (fifth century BC) and Christianity (first century AD) spirituality took over as the prime force of religious practices and the face of religions, as we know it, took shape. It should be remembered that during this time of development the regional territorial supremacy was escalated to the height of empire like that of Roman, in case of Christianity, and Magadhan, in case of Buddhism, and thus the territorial nature of religion was not needed as it had already passed to Kings and military generals. (Lamb, 2004) The experiences of the late twentieth century and early twenty first century have administered cruel shocks to that modernist prejudice. Some say that it is only through suffering that we learn the importance of critical evaluation; yet change is a certain thing. If one is to believe in a good creator, it is necessary to understand what kind of behavior leads to human fulfillment and happiness. There are those who believe that one way to do this is to treat others, as you would like to be treated yourself. The modern way of religion is based on religion spirituality but the concept of religion started with territorial identity and supremacy. References: Kar, P; (2001); History of Religion; Kolkata: Dasgupta & Chatterjee King, H; (2006); Religious Principals; Auckland: HBT & Brooks Ltd Lamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization; Wellington: National Book Trust

To be Scottish essays

To be Scottish essays Discuss what it means to be Scottish in the 21st Century, consider how traditional views of Scottish identity are reflected in young Scots today. In the newspaper just the other day Paul Brown spokesperson for Emerge, Glasgows Youth Talent was quoted as saying Im blooming sick and tired of people assuming that I wear a kilt all day and wonder when the rain is going to stop pouring whilst waiting for a Letter from America I like to wear the Kilt but not all the time and I dont really like the Proclaimers! To many people living outside of the United Kingdom Scotland is thought of as an independent nation but that is not the case. It is part of the U.K. so we are Brits although you would not think that the way the English see us. Whilst we may be considered Brits I think that many young people, like their parents before them, like to stay close to their own culture. Scottish stereotypes such as bagpipes, porridge, kilts, tatties, neeps and haggis, and the Scottish Thistle emblem do provide a distinct cultural difference between the Scottish people and the rest of Britain. Many young Scots are fiercely patriotic. Such feelings emerge particularly After watching the film Brave heart or the one about Rob Roy The pride that is felt when singing Flower of Scotland or hearing it being sung by 60.000 voices at a rugby international cant be explained. There is also I think a tradition pride in our army regiments such as the Black watch which will never be lost. Billy Connelly is a modern day icon within the world of comedy. He is recognized for his character sketches of the typical Scot and whilst taking the mince he manages to make it funny. Other comedians also often use the Scots to describe them as being meanies and always drunk. This is not the case and young people I think get a little upset at this image created of them. ...

Personal statement UCAs Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UCAs - Personal Statement Example Consequently, the experience has heightened my aspiration to study IT, which I believe will give me an opportunity to serve, as well as enable me to put into practice the skills I have been able to gain through time. My desire to study IT emanates from the successful installation of a software program connecting all the departments in my fathers business. With this successful installation, there was a significant change in the operations of the business, as well as a remarkable business growth. The installation reduced the volume of paperwork that the members of staff were using by approximately 50-60%, which improved the operational efficiency. Apart from ensuring that the business operations were efficient, the installation ensured business growth of up to 30%. This success created a drive in me to study this course so that I could gain additional knowledge in the IT field. In preparation for my university studies, I am currently taking a foundation year course in Cambridge, where I will be studying IT and programming. Part of this course is pure mathematics. I believe that this course will be beneficial as a foundation for pursuing the computer science course. During my years I school, I was an exceptional performer in academics, scoring 120 points out of 125 in the Uniform National Examinations. This has given me the opportunity to study in any university in the country, Kazakhstan, free of charge. However, I chose to study in the UK because its best chance to get good experience, quality education and it also prestige. I will also be able to make friends and maybe share experience as I advance in my career. Apart from participating in the school projects, during the weekends and vacation periods, I usually assist in my father’s company. By voluntarily giving assistance to the staff members, I utilize some of the skills that I get from the school projects, which include logical thinking, problem solving and informatics, as well as knowledge from the studies. Service provision is an essential skill that someone might be required to develop, as a way of making sure that he or she perform his or her duties efficiently and effectively. Apart from developing these skills, it is necessary to have the required qualifications that will enable me to perform according to the organizational and professional requirements. My experience as a programmer in my father’s organization developed in me a desire to be a better person in serving people. More importantly, the experience developed in me the desire to try to succeed so that I would provide services to the government, which will be beneficial in improving the governmental efficiency. I believe that these basic experiences were vital to prove my dedication and determination in accomplishing some of the things that I desire to achieve in my career. I am enthusiastic about the coming year and I look forward to participating in an activity that will be fulfilling and will lead me int o the right path to develop my career further. I can only achieve such a fete through obtaining appropriate training, which will enable me to harness the knowledge for developing and implementing the systems. Getting the opportunity to study and hone my skills will be a huge step in the attainment of my desire to improve on organizational efficiencies. Bibliography Bouwman, H. (2005). Information and communication technology in organizations: adoption, implementation,

Case senerio pathophysiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case senerio pathophysiology - Essay Example Iron deficiency anemia results from a condition where the patient lose more red blood cells more than their bodies would manufacture. Ms. A’s menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal causes her to lose significant amount of blood which overrides the rate of red blood cell manufacture and as a result causing her iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia affects women more than men and it represents the most common form or type of anemia. This illustrates that Ms. A is predisposed to this form of anemia. The pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia is described in light of the situation where the body is unable to manufacture enough red blood cells because of insufficiency of iron in the body. The loss of blood by Ms. A during her menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal, causes a significant loss of iron from her body which leads to her anemia. The laboratory tests also indicate that Ms. A has below normal hematocrit, hemoglobin level and erythrocyte count which further indicates that she is m ost likely suffering from iron deficiency anemia. The loss of blood from the body also translates into an equivalent loss of iron. Women who experience heavy periods are an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia (Bostock 23). This is illustrated by Ms. ... Ms. A is adversely affected by the lack of sufficient oxygen because of her active participation in golf. This involves a need for adequate oxygen for metabolic activity. Because Ms. A is having her periods, it is evident that the loss of excess blood caused her to have less iron for the manufacture of hemoglobin which combines with oxygen and distributes it throughout the body. Ms. A’s condition is aggravated by the fact that the golf tournament is carried out in a higher altitude level where the amount of oxygen in much lower. This explains her symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. The fatigue is caused by the inadequate metabolic activity in energy production which results from lack of sufficient oxygen in blood. Therefore in light of Ms. A’s symptom, medical history and laboratory tests, it is affirmative that she is suffering from iron deficiency anemia and therefore appropriate treatments should be started. Case Study 2 Making changes in lifestyle is t he most effective approach to care for Mr. P. This is motivated by the fact that Mr. P is having difficulties in adhering to the prescribed dietary restrictions. The changes in lifestyle will be the major objective for the care of this patient. This involves weight control, limit of the intake of salt, cholesterol and fat. In addition, the care for Mr. P will be aimed at ensuring that the amount of fluids that he takes is controlled and smoking and alcohol use restricted. Patients with symptoms of congestive heart failure must be motivated to make lifestyle changes which will allow them to reduce the worsening of their conditions (Philippe 252) In addition to dietary restrictions, patients with CHF symptoms

The analysis of the academic texts by Adler and Marvin, Turino and Essay

The analysis of the academic texts by Adler and Marvin, Turino and Daughtry - Essay Example Moreover Daughtry (62) explains that momentum is directly related to emotional power and can either be positive or negative. However, in a battle of two, positive momentum is gained by only one party while the other party experiences negative momentum. Music and other sounds may be used to initiate the negative momentum. As outlined by Turino (221), emotional power of music often results to two impacts. It can either be positive or negative depending on the situation in which music is employed. Negative momentum may also result from the internal among the team members ore the players in the field. External negative momentum is generally initiated by the opponents especially when they are able to initiate morale and motivate their players. This is usually experienced by musical instruments, songs, chats and songs that are mainly meant to discourage or mock the opponents. This was evident especially during the time when racial discrimination was on its peak in the United States of Amer ica. It was evident that the society was much divided such that the blacks were supporting blacks while the whites also played alone. Internal negative momentum can arise from the internal activities by the players themselves. For example, when the actions by one or two members of the team are not pleasing to the other members of the team, there is loss of moral as well as reduction in the play. According to Turino (222), this result into a condition of hopelessness and the players feel that they no longer own the play. Later a pessimistic attitude change develops and the individuals begin to think of losing the game rather than winning the game. At this time, the players experiencing negative attitudes towards each other in the game and what remains are to wait for the game... The analysis of the academic texts by Adler and Marvin, Turino and Daughtry Turino, Thomas’ Signs of Imagination, Identity, and experience: A Pircian Semiotic theory for music is an exploration of the emotional power of music in the activities of individuals, families and communities. This article also illustrates the intimate interfaces of sound structures, identity and social structures as well as incorporating the views of other scholars. Adler and Marvin’s Momentum: A Theory of Social Action explores the idea of momentum development in sports and the several ways by which individuals and teams can develop or gain momentum. Alder and Marvin have also discussed the impacts of positive and negative momentum in a team’s performance. Daughtry’s Russia’s New Anthem and the Negotiation of National Identity has outlined how music derives self image. In this article, Daughtry discusses several case studies in which music reflects national image and identity of a nation. In sporting activities, it is usually common to listen to m ost sport analysts from different categories of the games puts more emphasis on fans contributing to the performance of a team. It is a common knowledge that a team that has many fans is likely to win in a game. Generally, understanding of the theory and the actual sports experiences reveal that momentum is very important in all the games. However caution should be taken to ensure that the generated momentum is not negative since negative momentum is destructive and results to feeling of uselessness and lost of hope in the game.

Can criminological theories help manage crime in the workplace

Can criminological theories help manage crime in the workplace Security management is a task that required diverse skills which include human management, time management and some fundamental theories as guiding principles. The essence of the knowledge of these theories in relation to criminology to Security Managers should not be undermined in order to have and effectively achieve the organisations set goals or key performance indicators. This essay shall focus on how the knowledge of these theories could enhance the performance of a Security Manager in the work place in relation to theft and theft related offences in the retail business environment. However, if we give heed to the macro theory of criminology, a bigger picture surrounding the cost of theft in the retail industry rather than just focusing on cost of goods stolen in isolation can be fully examined. It should be noted from the onset that there are some other offences which can be perpetrated as part of criminal conduct that can ensue alongside the particular offence of retail theft e.g. assault inflicted on staff who have no choice but to physically engage a thief in the workplace (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009). Various reports including the crime survey by the British Retail Consortium (BRC) indicate with interest that thefts in retail shops are also being perpetrated by employees, and therefore note should be made that the offence is not exclusively being perpetrated by customers. As mainstream surveys tend to cover those who are not under the category of the organisations labour force, it is important to consider this dimension in the essay as the impact of such losses to retail industry cannot be ignored. On many occasions, there are complimentary offences but aspects relating to theft shall be considered in this essay. There have been several schools of thought in relation to applying criminological theories to crime management. They suggested that effective crime managements could only be achieved by using these theories conjunctively. Strengths and weaknesses of these theories shall be analysed and their relevance to the theft management in a retail business environment shall also be considered. The class of the offenders guilty of this crime, motivational factors and how they are carried out shall also be discussed using the appropriate theories and a strategy to managing and reducing delinquency. The 1968 theft act proscribes theft as; ..A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriate property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and thief and steal shall be construed accordingly (Theft Act 1968, sec 1:1). Shoplifting is a common delinquency in the retail business which impacts on stock shrinkage and cost of business insurance. However in general public and media discourse, it is widely accepted that retail theft is a petty crime and there are attempts to explain this phenomenon using theories such as criminal deviant behaviour. In this context, and in such a class based society as the UK, it is not unusually that retail theft is associated with the underprivileged in the society. Such perceptions make it difficult for the police and security managers to take seriously the impact this crime has on high tax paying industries such the retail sector, which incidentally offers employment to millions of workers in the country. Some other criminological theories such as the expected utility principle can breed compliancy in the work done by security managers as this theory assumes that potential criminals are rational beings who can be deterred from committing offences because people will act in an a manner that will increase their benefits and reduce their losses. In this context, the expected utility principle suggests that the commitment of the supposed petty crime of retail theft by employees is unlikely to occur as workers will give heed to their vested economic interest in remaining employed. However, there may be a lack of indebt knowledge of what constitutes retail theft. For instance, an employee inadvertently using part of the companys inventory such as stationeries, souvenirs for self benefit and is within the ambit of the theft act 1968 is guilty of theft. Another sinister form of retail theft involves employees who connive with criminals and pretend not to see the crime being committed. These usually involve the use of false drivers licence and stolen bank statements. . . . . . . . . . .Fraud is an act of deception carried out for the purpose of unfair, undeserved and/or unlawful gain, especially financial gain. (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009:pg24). . . . . . . . . . .Card fraud in the BCS (British Crime Survey) is defined as using plastic payment cards, such as bank, debit, credit or store cards, to take money without permission or prior knowledge from a bank, building society or credit card account (or to charge money to credit/debit cards). (Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08/10:pg25). The 2008/09 BCS report reported that plastic card owners who had fallen victim of card fraud had increased. Only 6.4 per cent of card fraud victim confirmed that they were aware that crimes had been committed with their cards within the last 12 month compared to 4.7 per cent in the previous year (Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08/10:pg25). In a bid to demonstrate why people commit crime, the motivational factors, and various groups of people with criminal behaviours and how combinations of criminological theories help in crime management. Rational Choice and Routine Activities theories shall be considered in relation to their relevance to crime management in a mobile phone retailer like Carphone Warehouse Plc. Rational Choice theorists believe that offenders decision to commit crime is based on the available opportunity and that the benefit of their crime outweighing the costs (Nagin et al, 2002). Rational choice theorists believe that crime is a function of individual choice which is influenced by its costs and benefits (Akers et al, 2004). Researches have shown that out of 50 interviewees in a research on shoplifting, 88% admitted that they had shoplifted and 42% of these people take stealing as the only way to earn their living. The average age of offenders as gathered during the interview was 12 years (Schneider, 2005). It is important to have the indebt knowledge of crime costs and its benefit, proportionate sentence and the types of punishment given to those who have committed similar crimes in the past or whether they avoided punishments. With this knowledge in place, it will be more likely to deter crime if its costs are made higher than the benefits e.g., enhancing the protection in places, target hardening, and more punishments when offenders are caught. In a situation where punishments are certain, motivated offenders may not want to subject themselves to hard work before committing the offence (Cullen Agnew, 2002). Rational choice theory is very extensive in range with simple basic elements which are strong but at the same time flexible. Offenders decisions between choices at every point in time tend to be rational. However, the facts of the theory stands that for any crime to be committed, the perceived benefits associated with the crime outweigh its risk. Some people have taking criminal behaviour as a way of life. In some situations, decisions to commit crime are arrived at due to inadequate information available at the time of decision making and all these put together still reflect the important role opportunity plays in criminal act. In addition to opportunity, importance of the environment on crime cannot be undermined. In certain situations, offenders hardly ever have a detailed thought of all the various costs and benefits of their action as some decisions are taken spontaneously (Felson Clarke, 1998). In theory, there are three broad categories of offenders or workplace violence perpetrators; employees, strangers and the intending or potential customers or clients (Chappell and Di Martino, 2000). Employees in most cases take advantage of imperfect systems. In an ideal business environment, organisation should have records of their inventory through regular stock counts. The UK shrinkage rate as a percentage of retail sales stood at 1.29% which was Europes average in 2010 (Bamfield, 2010). In a bid to control and manage crime, Opportunity-reducing techniques are a vital approach which could be achieved by increasing the perceived effort of crime by target hardening, security control access to target and deflecting offenders from target. In cases of card theft, crime facilitators could be controlled by having the owners photos on credit cards, using plastic beer glasses in pubs etc. Another technique involves increasing the perceived risks of crime by security screening, formal surveillance by employees, manned guarding, CCTV and effective lightning which could take the place of a Natural surveillance and help in obtaining footage through the use of technology. Anticipated rewards of crime should also be reduced so as to discourage criminal act. Targets could be removed; there could be property marking, and reducing temptations by ensuring that every motivational factor is put under control. Educating everyone on codes of conducts, and acceptable norms would eliminate t he excuses of being ignorant (Clarke, 1997). It is important to understand the opportunities that facilitate workplace crime in order to combat or reduce the criminal act. In America, introduction of Caller identification devices have removed obscene and threatening phone calls which ordinarily depends upon telephone access and the ability of the caller to hide his own identity. However, rates of other crimes such as car theft and burglary would also be higher when, in fact, they are lower in Britain and some other countries in Europe. Customer theft remains a major source of retail crime in line with general acquisitive crime trends reported by the Home Office. The survey recorded 498,405 incidents of customer theft in total. The previous years survey revealed that retailers suspected they identified perhaps as little as half of all customer theft. The real level of customer theft experienced by respondents was probably somewhere in the region of 750,000 to 1 million thefts or even as high as 2 million for the whole industry (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009: Pg 12-13). During 2008-09, the value stolen per incident has continued to decline as retailers continue to improve the protection of high value items. The average value of goods stolen fell by 34 per cent to  £45 per theft. Whilst individual customer thefts may be many times this value, this figure falls comfortably within the range of Penalty Notices for Disorder, a disposal available to the police for first time offenders involved in low value crimes. Nevertheless, only about one third (37 per cent) of customer thefts are reported to the police. (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009: Pg 12-13). As a result, the Police Authorities, Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships and Neighbourhood Policing Teams are unlikely to be aware of the true level of customer theft occurring in an area. This is reflected in national figures of reported crime which differ significantly from retailers experience (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009: Pg 12-13). Contrary to rational choice theory which believes that opportunity is the main factor responsible for crime occurrence, routine activity theory as described by Cohen Felson explained in one of their published articles in 1979 suggests that Crime occurs when there is an intersection in time and space of a motivated offender, an attractive target and lack of capable guardianship. Changes in routine activities in society (e.g. where both couples are working, construction of new roads) can influence crime rates. Peoples daily routine activities affect the likelihood of crime being committed (Cullen Agnew, 2002). . . . . .The routine activity approach still offers the best explanation for the rise in burglary in the United States and Western Europe during the 1960s and 1970s. Included in this explanation is the finding that the best predictor of annual burglary rates is the weight of the smallest television set sold each year. Another important component of the explanation is that far more homes in this period were left unguarded in the day as more women entered Full-time paid work. In fact, the most general explanation of crime rate trends is an indicator of the dispersion of activities away from family and household settings. As people spend more time among strangers and away from their own homes, their risk of personal and property victimization rises (Felson and Clarke, 1998). Every individual has specific areas in which they carry out their daily routine activities and this is called the activity space, domain or a potential path area. This area includes both the places that are visited and routes to such locations from their places of abode. In as much as people are not static, crime will have a non-static nature. In reality, some places, properties or facilities attract more crime than others. It is important to understand that in routine activity theory, crime do occur when there is interaction between a potential offender and a suitable target in time and space; opportunity which is being created by the lack of capable guardianship cannot be undermined. It is very essential to identify the available opportunities and put in place measures to either make these opportunities less attractive or show that the cost outweighs the benefits. These could be achieved through the use of Security devices and technology, proper lighting of an area, orientation and educating staff and visitors through various audio visual devices etc. Many businesses and organisations combine some of these procedures to control and manage crime (Hayes, 1991). Criminological theories play important roles in crime control and management as guidelines to what a Manager should look out for and how these factors should be managed in order to reduce crime. In some occasions where the capable guardianship is available, thefts are being attacked by the detectives in the store or those on patrol (Hayes, 1993; Jones, 1998). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Fraud costs the UK in excess of  £20 Billion. It recognised fraud as a low priority within UK Policing and the UK itself as having an uncoordinated approach (Simms C, Chief Constable West Midlands Police, 2010). In theory, victims are protected by law and most of the conveniences extended to them in the past will no longer be available when the credit reporting agencies have been contacted to report the crimes that thereby impress a theft flag on the victims credit file. Future lenders would be sceptical in exposing themselves to such customers and as such would be demanding for additional information and documents to verify the genuineness of the person requesting for credit facilities. Though, there are different types of customers who visit the organisations on daily basis, some visit with the intention to shoplift, window shop, to see demonstration of new products and to purchase products. It is certain that these groups of customers, with different motives behave differently when they are in the shop and their approaches to staff differ. This is where the level of education on delinquent and staff awareness about customers behaviour have to be improved upon. Security and safety at work place is every employees responsibility. Theft as a workplace crime impacts negatively on all parties involved with the organisation. The business operational costs are increased as a result of losses due to theft and these costs are passed on to their clients and employees. In most cases, it results to increasing costs of security maintenance, insurance premium and other elements of operational costs which will affect employees benefits depending on the magnitude of losses suffered by the organisation. In recent years, retailers have taken action to reduce theft by employees which accounted for 7 per cent of all retail crime by value in 2008-09. Employee theft includes theft of anything of value from the retailer by an employee or an accomplice, such as stealing merchandise, cash, retaining receipts, voiding a sale after a customer has paid and taking the cash, overcharging, short-changing, false mark-downs, coupon and voucher stuffing, credits for non-existent returns or exchanging counterfeit goods for genuine merchandise, and sliding a product through a lane without charging. It can also include serious financial fraud, involving senior or managerial staff. Improved security measures and investigations by expert staff appear to have reduced the opportunity for offences therefore deterring employee-related theft (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2008: Pg 15). It is apparent that the true cost of theft crime in the workplace is unknown as some factors cannot be quantified. This includes business disruptions, employee morale, loss of customs, management time wasted on incident reporting and documentation (British Chambers of Commerce, 2002). High level workplace theft may also lead to company insolvency. Based on this, it is very important to understand the workplace and the nature of crime facing the business before putting in place any crime anticipatory measures or displacement measures. Rational choice emphasises that opportunity is core in the decision making by offenders when it comes to delinquencies. It is obvious from all indications that once the opportunity is displaced or appears to be of any value, a motivated offender may not notice a likely target. As a result of this, opportunities have to be identified and modified before the related crime can be perpetrated. By virtue of the fact that opportunity is requisite to crime occurrence, it is agreeable that rational choice theory interrelates with the routine activity theory which believes that crime can only happen when there is interception of certain elements. Working in an environment where there is an opportunity of having access to money and property does not translate to committing crime. This shows a subjective aspect of opportunity. It is therefore important to understand that certain factors like social desirability for the product or property, conceal ability of target and proximity do have supportive role to play in conjunction with opportunity for theft to occur (Hollinger and Clarke, 1983). In conclusion, it is therefore compulsory that a Security Manager, who has understood the surroundings where he works, should recognize the risk component, opportunities, and inspirational factors for possible offenders; use the mix understanding of these theories to design an approach to prevent the entire potential crime avenues. The combine knowledge of rational choice and routine activities theories give an insight into what to look out for and how to put in place the preventive measures to control crime. Theft as a workplace crime that can be managed by understanding what items offenders are looking out for, opportunities surrounding such items, characteristics of the targets and detailed understanding of the environment where the targets are situated. It is therefore evident that the knowledge of criminological theories has an immense role to play in assisting the security Manager to manage crimes such as theft in the workplace.

Gun Control: Is It A Problem? :: Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Ten-thousand, five-hundred, twenty-seven people die a year in a handgun related incidents in the United States. This number, by far, out weighs those gun related deaths in countries such as Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan, which number 13, 22, and 87 respectively. What is the reason for such drastic differences in numbers? The latter mentioned countries have stricter gun control laws and they require bare arm safety courses. These laws have a direct relationship to the number of gun deaths which occur each year from country to country. Perhaps if the U.S. would adopt some of those laws the number of deaths would drop accordingly. Winthrop addressed such a dilemma almost 350 years ago in his "Speech to the General Court" in 1645. Winthrop's two main problems were where do the rights of people stop and the magistrates' authority begin. According to Winthrop, people are naturally evil, and if left to their own devices, they will become even worse. Therefore, authority is a necessity. This same principle holds true for gun control. People here in the U.S. have the "right to bare arms," but with that right comes responsibility. As an American with that right you're not free to shoot anyone or anything at will. Government should create laws to protect the rights of others. I believe stricter gun control laws and better education on the use of guns is necessary. People of the U.S. aren't as rigidly regulated by gun laws compared to our European neighbors. In the United States it takes anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks to get a permit to carry a handgun. However, in most crimes committed with a handgun, the gun isn't even licensed. More authority is necessary to control the illegal handling of handguns. In England, guns which are permitted for hunting are required to be signed out, purpose of use stated, and the type of gun. I also feel the person requesting a permit should first be educated on the proper use, cleaning, and handling of a firearm. This would help to avoid any accidental shootings from occurring. They should be made aware of all the laws regarding the handling of firearms. To some this may seem severe. But as I stated earlier, these stricter laws do affect the difference between the U.S. and Europe in the amount of handgun related deaths. In these controversial issues about gun control, it is my opinion that the United States should have stricter gun obtaining laws. If a criminal was convicted for a gun related crime, he should be unable to purchase a gun.

Black Movements of 1960

Kelsey Kindell Lauren Cherneski English 102 5 September 2012 Black Arts Movement of the 1960s The history of BAM, the types of entertainment, and their effects on society has the upmost impact on history today. Due to it being the only American literary movement to advance â€Å"social engagement† as sin qua non of its aesthetic. The movement broke from the immediate past of protest and petition (civil rights) literature and dashed forward toward an alternative that initially seemed unthinkable and unobtainable: Black Power.One of the most important figures in the Black Arts movement is Amiri Baraka (formerly Leroi Jones). Following the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, Leroi Jones (Amiri Baraka) made a symbolic move from Manhattan’s Lower East Side to Harlem, where he founded the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/ School. According to the â€Å" Norton Anthology of African American Literature,’’ no one was more competent in the combination of the experiment al and the vernacular than Amiri Baraka, whose volume Black Magic Poetry 1961- 1967(1969) is one of the first products of the African American creative energies of the 1960s.Umbra, which produced Umbra Magazine, was the first post-civil rights Black literary group to make an impact as radical in the sense of establishing their own voice distinct from, and sometimes at odds with, the prevailing white literary establishment. The attempt to merge a Black-oriented activist thrust with a primarily artistic orientation produced a classic split in Umbra between those who wanted to be activists and those who thought of themselves as primarily writers, though to some extent all members shared both views.Black writers have always had to face the issue of whether their work was primarily political or aesthetic. Black Arts Movement influenced the world of literature, portraying different ethnic voices. Before the movement, the literary canon lacked diversity, and the ability to express ideas fr om the point of view of racial and ethnic minorities was not valued by the mainstream. Theatre groups, poetry performances, music and dance were centered on this movement, and therefore African Americans were becoming recognized in the area of literature and rts. African Americans were also able to educate others through different types of expressions and media about cultural differences. The most common form of teaching was through poetry reading. African American performances were used for their own political advertisement, organization, and community issues. The Black Arts movement was spread by the use of newspaper advertisements. The first major arts movement publication was in 1964. The movement lasted for about a decade, through the mid-1960s and into the 1970s.This was a period of controversy and change in the world of literature. One major change came through the portrayal of new ethnic voices in the United States. English- language literature, prior to the Black Arts movem ent, was dominated by white authors. The theatres, as well as cultural counters were based throughout America and were used for community meetings, study groups and film screenings. Newspapers were a major tool in spreading the Black Arts movement.In 1964, Black Dialogue was published, making it the first major arts movement publication. As the movement matured, the two major locations of Black Arts' ideological leadership, particularly for literary work, were California's Bay Area because of the Journal of Black Poetry and the Black Scholar, and the Chicago-Detroit axis because of Negro Digest/Black World and Third World Press in Chicago, and Broadside Press and Naomi Long Madgett's Lotus Press in Detroit.The only major Black Arts literary publications to come out of New York were the short-lived (six issues between 1969 and 1972) Black Theatre magazine published by the New Lafayette Theatre and Black Dialogue, which had actually started in San Francisco (1964-1968) and relocated t o New York (1969-1972). In conclusion, the impacts of Black Arts activities were the development of Black theater groups and Black poetry performances and journals, and both had close ties to community organizations and issues.Black theaters served as the focus of poetry, dance, and music performances in addition to formal and ritual drama. Black theaters were also venues for community meetings, lectures, study groups, and film screenings. Resources http://aalbc. com/authors/blackartsmovement. htm http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/blackarts/historical. htm

10 of the Top Paying Allied Health Jobs

10 of the Top Paying Allied Health Jobs The healthcare field is one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the U.S. These careers are booming and, despite what you might think, you don’t have to be a medical doctor to get in on this. In fact, allied health jobs have much lower educational requirements than medicine- without sacrificing growth opportunities. If you start off by making up for any lost time or holes in your high school science education and then move on to the technical requirements of your field, you’ll be in a good position to score your Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree, as well as any relevant certification. It will take a little extra education and training, but if you can get in on the entry-level in an allied health care job, you’ll be in a good position to watch your career continue to grow.Here are 10 of the top paying allied health jobs in the allied health care field. Pick your favorite and start working on getting in there on the ground floor.1. Physicia n AssistantPhysician assistants make an average salary of over $84k per year. You’ll need some health related experience and a degree, and you can expect to do a great deal of continuing education and recertification throughout your career, but demand is very high. You’ll almost always be able to find work.2. Dental HygienistYou’ll need at least a two-year degree from an accredited program to become a dental hygienist, and possibly even a Bachelor’s or Master, but the average salary is around  $68k per year. It’s a great field for people who are detail oriented and patient.3. Dietician/NutritionistHelp people to eat healthily in this field, which is currently on the rise. You’ll need a Bachelor’s degree, plus some targeted training and licensure, but you can make a mean annual salary of over $57k per year, with a mean hourly wage of about $27.60.4. Occupational TherapistOccupational therapy can be extremely rewarding. You work with disabled, elderly, and ill people and helping them to get through daily functions that would otherwise be prohibitively difficult. You’ll need a Master’s, as well as a license (depending on your state), but the mean annual pay is about $80k.5. Orthotist/ProsthetistHelp improve quality of life for people who are injured or disabled. There’s lots of great technology to work with, plus the gratification of helping people. You’ll probably need a four-year science degree and a two-year Master’s, but you can expect to make just over $66.5k per year.6. Lab TechnologistAs a medical or clinical laboratory technician, you can expect to make nearly $56k per year. You’ll have to get a degree, plus study with a body like the NAACLS. There are lots of subspecialties to choose from, so make sure to check what the requirements would be for your preferred job and then start ticking them off.7. AudiologistAudiologists work with physicians to identify hearing problems and to help administer hearing devices to those in need. If you happen to have a music background, that degree could serve you well! There’s a trend towards requiring an MA or a PhD and  licensing requirements for this growing career, but you can expect to make nearly $67k per year.8. Diagnostic Medical SonographerYou’ll need formal training, including at least an Associate’s degree or a post-secondary certificate, but you can make a mean annual salary of over $68k- more if you’re working in a specialty hospital (over $75k) and most if you’re working in the top-paying state of California.9. Surgical TechnologistNevada is the top-paying state for surgical technologists, with a mean annual salary of over $57k. The national mean is around $45k, though, so you’d be in a good position no matter where you started out. You’ll only need an Associate’s degree and a certificate of some kind to get started.10. Speech/Language P athologistYou’ll need a Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-language Pathology (CCC-SLP) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, plus probably a Master’s or doctorate for this position. It’s worth it, because  you can help people and use your science skills and make over $68k per year.

Pricing-to-Market and Its implications for PPP The WritePass Journal

Pricing-to-Market and Its implications for PPP Conclusion Pricing-to-Market and Its implications for PPP IntroductionReview of PTMImplications of PTM for PPP and empirical evince on thatConclusionReferenceRelated Introduction At present, with the increasing process of globalization, the world is integrated as a huge market. International trade is becoming increasingly important between countries. Therefore, exchange rate are now of great concern, people care about its ups and downs, and its implications, especially, to what extent will the exchange rate change influence the price of imported or exported goods. It is important to introduce the idea of PTM to understand this question. The article will first introduce the concept of pricing to market, and then introduce the implications of pricing to market for purchasing power parity. Finally, I will give the conclusion. Review of PTM PTM is considered to be a phenomenon, and this happens in international trade between countries. When the market is in division and there is no â€Å"hot money†, exporters could set different prices according to the places importing from them; they could choose either producer currency pricing or local currency pricing. When producer currency is used, devaluation reduces export price of local commodities, change in exchange rate has conducting effect to price, therefore guarantees the effectiveness of one price law and purchasing power parity; however when local currency pricing is chosen, devaluations of producer currency does not affect export price of commodities since they are priced in local currency. International trade cost is essential in pricing to market. Atkeson and A.Burstein(2008) stated that without international trade costs, even in the presence of variable markups that lead to incomplete pass-through, we have no pricing-to-market. Hence, imperfect competition with variable markups is necessary, but not sufficient, for pricing-to-market. It is widely believed that PTM does not apply to all categories of goods, that it , the extent of Pricing to market varies in different goods trade. Krugman.P(1987) stated that:† PTM is not universal, pricing to market seems to be limited to the transportation equipment and machinery industries† according to his research on US and Germany. In short, PTM refers to the action of a firm to set different price of the same product in different markets. Implications of PTM for PPP and empirical evince on that 1. PPP was first formally introduced by Gustav Cassell in 1920, it was aimed to provide a standard for currencies to slove the problem of compensations after the first world war. It indicates that when consumers purchase identical products in any market worldwide, the quantity of money should be the same when measured in one currency (Hallwood and MacDonald, 2000). At present time, PPP has two functions in economics: one, to judge a currency has whether been over or under estimated, second, as a tool of conversion, to convert GDP or GNP of one country from its own currency into another, therefore compare the economic strength between them. PPP has now been developed into two forms, the absolute ppp and relative ppp. Absolute ppp is based on the law of one price, the theory of absolute purchasing power parity states that the same basket of goods should sell for the same price everywhere (Alessandria,GKaboski,P,K, 2009), while relative ppp debates that exchange rates can be adjusted according to the inflation differentials existing in two markets (Pilbeam, 2006). Unquestionably, the implication of PTM for purchasing power parity is influential according to many researches and studies done. PTM weaken the influence of PPP. The theory of PPP indicates that significant change in exchange rate should result in the devaluation of national inflation and appreciation of national deflation. But the truth is that, either the ups or downs of exchange rate did not significantly affect the inflation. One reason why exchange rate is such insignificant is obvious: exchange rate does not affect volume of trade and total price, as what people expected. The reason lies here is PTM, producers exporting commodities to other countries did not change exporting prices as people expected. For instance, when Japanese producer exporting automobiles into American market, they will set their products’ dollar price on the basis of specific situations in American market. If yen was in an appreciation, they would, by and large, reduce the yen price but not raise th e dollar price to maintain its current business scale in American market. They would rather to eliminate the effects caused by change of exchange rate by adjustments within the enterprise itself. In such condition, exchange rate could not play the important role as it should have played. Betts,C and Devereux M,B (1998) argued that: â€Å"PTM plays a central role in exchange rate determination and in international macroeconomic fluctuations.† The pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices is strongly restricted by actions of PTM.   They also stated that: â€Å"PTM generates departures from purchasing power parity; it tends to reduce the comovement in consumption across countries, while increasing the comovement of output.† (Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,1998). Generally, according to theory of one price and purchasing power parity, changes in exchange rate would pass through efficiently to prices, that prices will be adjusted until it fits the changes in exchange rate, and there will finally be equilibrium. But PTM, as personal actions of enterprises, to some extent, obstructs the channel of passing through. In the conditions of high PTM extent, devaluation of exchange rate has a very limited impaction on the prices determination of imported commodi ties, as (Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,1998) stressed:†the allocative effects of exchange rate changes are therefore wakened.† PTM also has important welfare implications for the transmission of monetary policy shocks. (Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,1998). In a situation under PPP, an unexpected expansion of monetary policy will result in increase in welfare of all organization, no matter home ones or foreign ones. Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,(1998) concluded that: â€Å"Monetary policy is a ‘beggar- thy-neighbor’ instrument in the presence of PTM†. 2. The phenomenon of pricing to market is everywhere in our daily life, and it significantly weaken the influence of law of one price and theory of purchasing power parity, tells people the truth that the same amount of currency could not always buy same basket of goods in different countries’ market. Since the same product could be priced differently in two countries, there will be space of arbitrage. I found exactly the same mode of DELL laptop both sold in U.S and China, on EBay, this dell allienware m15x is priced $1449.99, on the official site of dell china, it is priced 16999 RMB, according to the present exchange rate of RMB over US dollar: 6.573, 16999RMB is $2586, it is $1086 more that in US. Obviously, the transportation cost to bring one laptop from US to China is far more less than $1086. It can be implied that many people will try smuggling commodities like this laptop to earn profits. Conclusion As above discussion, PTM is important in the determination of exchange rate, higher the PTM is, less influence will the exchange rate change make on prices. It also makes significant welfare implications for the transmission of monetary policy shocks. PTM and its implication on PPP is still necessary to be further researched. Reference Krugman, P. (1986), â€Å"Pricing to Markets when exchange rate changes†, In: Arndt, S.W., Richardson,J.D. (Eds.), Real-Financial Linkages among Open Economies. MIT Press, Cambridge. Mark, N. C. (2001), International macroeconomics and finance: theory and econometric methods, Wiley-Blackwell. Sarno, L. Taylor, M.P. (2002), new open-economy of macroeconomics. In The economics of exchange rate, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Hallwood, P. and MacDonald, R. (2000) International Money and Finance, 3rd ed.Blackwell. Pilbeam, K . (2006) International Finance, 3rd ed. MacMillan. Atkeson,A Burstein,A (2008) â€Å"Pricing-to-market, Trade cost, and International Relative Price*†.   University of California, Los Angeles and Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Alessandria,GKaboski,P,K   (2009) â€Å"Pricing-to-Market and the Failure of Absolute PPP† Betts,C and Devereux M,B (1998),   â€Å"Exchange rate dynamics in a model of pricing-to-market† in Journal of International Economics 50 (2000) 215–244 alienware m15x items- get great deals on PC Laptop notebooks,alienware m17x items on eBay.com! (2011). Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://shop.ebay.com/i.html?_nkw=alienware+m15x_frs=1_trksid=p3286.c0.m359 ç ®â‚¬Ã¥ â€¢Ã©Å¡ Ã¥ ¿Æ' ç § Ã¤ º «Ã¤ ¸ ºÃ¤ ½   Dell ä ¸ ­Ã¥â€º ½Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©â„¢â€  (2011). Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://www1.ap.dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/ap/topics/microsite/zh/odg_campaign?c=cncs=cndhs1l=zhs=dhs~ck=mn

Classic Theology vs. The Contemporary Case Study

Classic Theology vs. The Contemporary - Case Study Example His judgment of people is conditioned on his â€Å"changeless purpose concerning sin and conversion.   The scriptural embodiment of the doctrine of immutability is probably captured best in 1 Samuel 15:29 (RSV) where it is written, â€Å"And also the Glory of Israel will not lie or repent; for he is not a man, that he should repent.† The scriptural basis of the doctrine of Immutability is fully developed with numerous citations and succinct specificity to unchangeableness that enlightens the doctrine. Scriptures offer confirmation that God is not mortal with the qualities of lying or a changeableness of mind (Numbers 23:19; 1 Samuel 15:29). There is a timelessness, unchanging quality to God in a time-dependent, changing world (Psalm 102:26). The promises of God are of an eternal nature not capriciously offered to people (Psalm 110:4; Isaiah 31:2). His steadfastness is apparent in his constancy of presence and love (Isaiah 40:28). The final book of the English Old Testament rings with the words of Malachi in Chapter 3, verse 6 (RSV), â€Å"For I the LORD do not change; therefore you, O sons of Jacob, are not consumed.† The New Testament has few direct citations regarding changeableness. God’s unchangeable nature is restated for these readers in a new context (Hebrews 1:11; 7:21). While scripture offers examples that can be interpreted to show a disparity in whether God has a changeable nature, the major points of consideration would be that the New Testament offers no distinct contradiction to the attribute of God’s unchangeableness. A modern reformulation of the classic doctrine of immutability has been penned by James Packer. God is simple (that is, totally integrated), perfect and immutable. These words affirm that he is wholly and entirely involved in everything that he is and does and that his nature, goals, and ways of acting do not change, either for the better (being perfect, he cannot become better) or for the worse. His i mmutability is not the changelessness of an eternally frozen pose, but the moral consistency that holds him to his own principles of action and leads him to deal differently with those who change their own behavior towards him. †¢ Would you agree more with Vanhoozer or Nygren on this issue? Why? No, They state, â€Å"†¦from Plato, Aristotle, and the subsequent Hellenistic tradition, the church arrived at the notion that God was altogether unmoved, impassible, immutable, nontemporal and purely actual.† Open theists uniformly teach that the church fathers were so influenced by Greek philosophy when they formulated their theology, that the church’s historical and theological understanding of God reflects a more philosophical understanding than a biblical one. Carl Henry rightfully noted, â€Å"It is true that medieval theologians were aware of the teaching of certain Greek philosophers in discussing God’s immutability.

Public Law and the Rights of Individuals Research Paper

Public Law and the Rights of Individuals - Research Paper Example Individuals Rights Protection Five rights of individuals are outlined in the Constitution of Australia (Clark et al, 2010). The first and the most important right for every individual is the right to vote (Sec. 41). In terms of modern democracies, it is of great importance that every individual could realize his role as an active participant of a social life of the country. A right to vote underlines a civil significance of every individual. The second right outlined in the Constitution of Australia is â€Å"protection against acquisition of property on unjust terms† (Sec. 51 (xxxi)). To have a property and to assure safety and protection to it means personal safety and peace (McKnight, 2005). Section 116 is focused on the right of freedom of religion, which is beneficial for the citizens of Australia, but with respect to modern diversities of the society it would be relevant to take into account discrimination against sexual orientation and race (Willet, 2000; Sanders, 2002). The latter point is underlined in Section 117, which is focused on prohibition of discrimination basing on the place of residence. Section 80 considers the right of a trial to jury. With respect to individual’s rights protection, this point means a lot as well. It is of crucial importance for citizens to be aware of fair trial (Tazreiter, 2009; Hansen and Ainsworth, 2009). Still, individual’s rights are not properly taken into account in Australia. This can be illustrated by some restrictions of the common law (Morabito, 2003). For example, women and men are considered to have equal rights. Nevertheless, it is often claimed that women are prevented from been occupied in different professions in Australia (Harris and Twomey, 2008). Fortunately, starting from 70s, some legal Acts were issued directed on discrimination prevention on the basis of racial discrimination (1975), sex discrimination (1984), disability discrimination (1992) (Roht-Arriaza, 1995). Thus, we can cl aim that the main principle of individual’s rights protection is based on non-discrimination principles. Anti-discrimination laws are promoted in Australia. It is claimed that every complaint should be properly processed and mutual agreement on it should be reached either by means by peaceful negotiations or in the court. Still, there is a serious gap concerning individual’s rights protection, when discrimination occurs on the basis of sexual preferences, age, religion or other matters (Meyerson, 2009). Thus, Gelber (2002) claims: â€Å" human rights  law has `not engaged explicitly with religious traditions', in  the sense that human rights  principles tend to advocate freedom of religion, yet this freedom is controversial in  cases where a religious tradition denies plurality. Furthermore, many religious traditions evidence historical discrimination and intolerance† (Gelber, 2002).   Thus, it is relevant to introduce some changes in individualâ€℠¢s rights protection in Australia. This may concern a better protection of the rights of a child, or individual’s rights protection on the basis of concerns other than outlined in International Human Rights Protection. â€Å"Right to Wellbeing† may be considered as a rough draft as a child’s rights protection in Australia: â€Å"