Could Stem Cell Injections Heal Muscles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1520 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? In this paper I will mainly focus on the effects of stem cell injections on skeletal muscle injures in mice, this is because those types of muscle injuries are extremely common. Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized tissue made up of non-dividing, multi-nucleated muscle fibers, which contract to generate force in a controlled and controlled manner,which account for up to half the mass of the human body. However, effective muscle function is both mechanically and energetically demanding, making this tissue particularly susceptible to damage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Could Stem Cell Injections Heal Muscles?" essay for you Create order Such muscle damage may reduce mobility and contribute to metabolic. Skeletal muscle has a strong innate tissue damage repair capability. Despite the proficiency of this intrinsic repair capability, severe injuries resulting in a significant loss of muscle tissue overwhelm the innate repair process and require intervention in order to restore muscle function. Natural muscle damage repair is a step wise process requiring the coordinated activity of a number of cell types involving three healing steps: degeneration and inflammation, regeneration and fibrosis. There is a phase of myofiber degeneration immediately after injury that is initiated by the release of proteases into the tissue stroma; these proteases automatically digest myofibers and thereby release tissue debris along the injury zone. In addition, macrophages stimulate the paracrine release by T cells of cytokines and other chemotactic factors that can recruit progenitor and satellite cells with muscle regeneration capacity locally. While the degeneration phase is transient, the subsequent regeneration phase of myofibers is the first step in the long-term pattern of skeletal muscle injury. This phase may begin as early as 24 hours after injury, as evidenced by the cytokine-mediated induction of local satellite cells that previously lie dormant between the basal lamina and sarcolemma; however, the complete formation of new, centronucleated myofibers cannot be detected histologically until at least 3 5 days after injury. It is likely that the differentiation of satellite cells into myotubules and myofibers is a crucial event in the regeneration phase. To date, these progenitor cells are perhaps the best characterized and are often referred to as muscle stem cells because they favor myogenic lines. Fibrous tissue prevents the full recovery of the muscle and current therapies fail to achieve total recovery of the muscle. Gene and (or both) cell therapy are potential future treatments for serious muscle injuries. The properties of stem cells related to growth factors and /or cytokines can improve muscle healing and allow for long term recovery. Perhaps the biggest limitation for patients resulting from skeletal muscle injury pathophysiology is the formation of a dense fibrotic scar tissue. Clearly, fibrosis is caused by a deleterious increase in the cytokine growth factor (TGF)-B1 following injury. MDSCs and other myogenic cells differentiate into myofibroblasts, which produce collagen type I, the main component of fibrotic tissue, in the presence of this cytokine. Fibrosis can ultimately prevent patients from returning to their basic function, partly by preventing the formation of new axons towards myofibers, and contributes to a decrease in muscle contractility and range of movement. It is a known fact that as we get older, our cells gradually lose the ability to heal themselves and injury can cause muscle loss due to a process called muscular atrophy, which is where regenerative medicine takes place. Like stem cell injections, which fall under the category of stem cell therapy to treat or prevent a disease or condition by using stem cells. Stem cells are capable of differentiating into specific types of cells. The two defining features of a stem cell are perpetual s elf-regeneration and the ability to differentiate into a specialized type of adult cell. There are two main classes of stem cells: pluripotent cells that can become any cell in the adult body and multipotent cells that are limited to a smaller cell population. In the case of muscle damage, the cells that have been used most frequently in pre-clinical trials are muscle satellite cells (MSCs). MSCs have the ability to renew and differentiate into multiple lineages of connective tissue, including bone, fat, cartilage, tendon, muscle, and bone marrow stromal cells. Stem cell injections has proven to be successful in injured/aging mice but do to some challenges this form of therapy has not move forward to clinical trials, but results may forecast a promising future for regenerative medicine Research The research I found was limited to animal models and majority of the studies were performed in laboratory experiments on mice. For example, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have developed a molecular matrix, a hydrogel, to deliver muscle satellite cells (MSCs) directly to damage muscle tissue in patients whose muscles do not regenerate well. The hydrogel was successfully in delivering MuSCs to injured, aged muscle tissue in mice and boosted the healing process while protecting the stem cells from harsh immune reactions. CS In Addition, the same method was also s uccessful in mice with a muscle tissue deficiency that matched Duchene muscular dystrophy, and if research progresses, the new hydrogel therapy could one day save the lives of people suffering from the disease. Researchers at the University of Colorado in Boulder and the University of Washington also discovered that stem cells injected into the muscles of the mouse led to an increase for the rest of the mouses life. The injuries not only healed, but muscle mass increased by 50 percent and muscle volume increased by 170 percent. For some reason, the stem cells did not simply multiply and replace old damaged cells. They formed new connections to myofibers and increased significantly in numbers within the muscle. In other words, whatever the transplanted stem cells did, it was much more than just repairing damage and normalizing things. Issues with Research When it comes to stem cell injections moving into clinical trials there are a few challenges that need to be faced for that to happen. For example our immune system, researchers at the Georgia institute for technology found that simply injecting additional muscle satellite cells into damaged, inflamed tissue was inefficient because the new cells enter the body when the immune system on the warpath. And like any muscle injury or disease its going to attract the immune system and where as in any other case this would be a good thing, in the case o f aged or dystrophic muscles it is not. This is because in this case the immune system release toxins that kill the stem cells off, in fact when tested the found that between and 1 and 20 percent of the injected MSCs actually made it to the targeted site and those that did were weakened. Which is why they developed a solution to coat the cells in , a hydrogel often start out as water-based solutions of molecular components that resemble crosses, and other components that make the ends of the crosses attach to each other. When the components come together, they fuse into molecular nets suspended in water, resulting in a material with the consistency of a gel. If stem cells or a drug are mixed into the solution, when the net, or matrix, forms, it ensnares the treatment for delivery and protects the payload from death or dissipation in the body. Whereas researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder and the University of Washington ran into a different issue/ concern. The mice used in this experiment injuries were inflicted directly using barium chloride injections and its made the question if that was a natural injury or muscle loss due to a disease would the stem cell reaction be similar. And they also questioned if age at the time of injury/ treatment played a major role in the effects since they used mice that were about 3 months in age for the treatment and as donors. Sine the muscles in mice are very small so its unclear on how well the cells would migrate in the larger muscles of humans. Si milarities Mouse models are regarded as the most advanced and practical models used as an alternative to genetic research in humans. Ethical concerns in many cases prevent scientists from using human subjects and embryos to test stem cell therapies that could be used for future use. In such cases, it can be extremely useful that an impressive 99 percent of the genes belonging to mouse DNA match the corresponding human counterpart gene sequences. In this way, scientists can use embryonic and adult stem cells from mice and conduct their research unhindered while also gaining important insights into the potentially practical adaptation of research to clinical trials in humans. Mouse studies make stem cell research more bright than ever before. Many of the past few achievements and advances in embryonic stem cell research have been achieved using ES cells grown from different mouse models. Since embryonic cells can play a role in virtually any other cell type, mouse ES cells have already been used to develop and study different mouse tissue samples closely resembling human tissue and to evaluate their reaction to certain treatments and stimuli. The genetic manipulation of ES cells in the mouse and the addition of human genetic material are also at the forefront of e mbryonic stem cell research.

The End Of The Traditional Family Era - 928 Words

The End of the Traditional Family Era Families have changed significantly over the last decades, leading the ideal â€Å"traditional American family† to become, if not already, extinct. Although popular in the 1950’s, a â€Å"traditional family† is no longer sought after as modern families have evolved to incorporate diversity and acceptance into the household structure. In present-day, the majority of households encompass non-traditional families, accordion families, divorce, and modern technology. Traditional families have been thought to consist of a heterosexual male and female joined together in marriage. However in modern society, the terms marriage and family are not limited to a specific definition. Gay marriages have led the revolution in changing the concept of families. From New York’s Marriage Equality Act in 2011, to the Supreme Court’s ruling of legalizing gay marriage throughout the United States in 2015, marriage equality has come a long way. Same-sex couples have the opportunity to marry their significant other, while also having the option to grow their family through adoption or artificial insemination. In Visual Portfolio, the TV show, Modern Family, introduces a contemporary version of Norman Rockwell’s Freedom From Want (Colombo et al. 59). Modern Family’s picture features a same-sex couple with their adopted daughter, and an interracial couple. The picture shows the diversity, love, and acceptance included in the family while they celebrate the AmericanShow MoreRelatedInnocence Versus The New Er A Vulnerable And Irreversible Choice Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesInnocence Versus the New Era: A Vulnerable and Irreversible Choice â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been,† written by Carol oates in 1970, portrays the cultural transition’s impact on teenager’s behavior in 1960’s. The new style of music highly influenced adolescent’s behavior, initiating a revolutionary era. That was a time which culture was rapidly changing. A sexual revolution was taking place, leading people, especially teenagers, to question the traditional and religious believes from previousRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesVictorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Dol l House† Henrik Ibsen challenges the traditional lifestyleRead MoreUse Of Memory And Dreams During The Romantic Era1248 Words   |  5 PagesImagination and creativity is part of the many influences that attribute to the writings in the Romantic Era. It influenced writers and poets to expand their art to a new horizons and veer away from the Enlightenment Era of tradition and logic. The use and significance of memory and dreams in the Romantic Era helped strengthen the inner emotions within writings, present ideas outside of traditional expectancies, and display the authors creativity and individuality throughout their writings. These worksRead MoreIda B. Wells Barnett1721 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the American Progressive Era, generally regarded as the late 1800s and early 1900s, many ideals were changing among the American people. During this period, which closely followed the end of the civil war, there was an especially great amount of change in what was considered an appropriate way of conducting oneself, especially if one happened to be a black woman. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, an African-American activist who was particularly outspoken on the inhumanity and barbarism of public lynchingRead MoreThe Reform Impulse Of 1800-1860 Made It Possible For Mankind822 Words   |  4 Pagesa few. These new religious views were linked to reform because it was a change in hopes of improving society, this religious change focused upon the family, and it began to liberate the lives and freedom of women, even if these abolitionists did view the government in dreadful ways. Economic growth and geographical expansion had weakened traditional establishments, forcing individuals to fend for themselves. Alexis Tocqueville coined the word â€Å"individualism† to describe this result. People beganRead MoreVictorian Family Analysis1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victorian family of the 1800s is discussed in chapter two titled â€Å"The Historical Origins of the American Pattern, 1650-1900† of The Marriage-Go-Round, written by Andrew Cherlin. This chapter analyzes the history of families in the United States, starting with the colonial family from the 1600s to the 1700s, and the Victorian family of the 1800s. The increase of the wage labor economy, new policies of monogamous relationships and birth control, and small ideological change which allowed womenRead MoreFunctionalist Perspective And The Conflict Perspective On Education Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesother. 2. What is the nuclear family? Explain why this family form is not â€Å"the traditional† American family by using trend data provided in class, and thoroughly discussing the historical factors that led to this particular family form. (20 points) The traditional American family is a family involves father, mother, and one or more adopted or biological children and traditional family has a lot of the advantages. For example of the advantages, traditional families are more strong restriction, passionateRead MoreJack Arnold Paper1411 Words   |  6 Pageshis birthday. However, as his children age and his family changes, Jack realizes that maybe he isn’t â€Å"king for a day† in the minds of his children, and maybe he isn’t king at all. In the television series â€Å"The Wonder Years,† Jack’s morals and traditional self are put to the test when he realizes his kids aren’t little anymore. Jack’s stubborn attitude, traditional values, and defiance toward change resist the upcoming generation’s social and family values. Jack is the father of three teenagers, andRead MoreUSSR: The great retreat944 Words   |  4 Pagesfar his actions were a retraction of previous decisionsâ⠂¬ ¦and the areas impacted were women, family, and education. A common theme of the great retreat was the gender role in society. It was believed that sexual equality had been achieved by the 1930s when a women’s branch of the Communist Central Committee was shut down due to its aim being achieved. This was misleading as the Party had reasserted traditional gender roles through the making of homes. Women were expected to manage the ‘well-orderedRead MoreEssay on A New Kind of Woman in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte1194 Words   |  5 Pageswoman; a woman who succeeds on her own terms regardless of circumstances and independent of her male counterpart. Jane begins as any other ordinary traditional woman from the Victorian era, meek and fragile, but throughout the course of her life she faces many obstacles and life making decisions, which she fearlessly takes on as no other traditional woman would. She manages to take complete control of her life because of the transformation that she makes into a new woman, making her transformation

Action plan Free Essays

The Student Activity Council (SAC) of HAIFA has formulated the following rules to promote the cleanliness throughout the campus: 1 . Littering inside the campus premises should be avoided by all the students. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Action plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now There will be trash bins for non-biodegradable, biodegradable, and recyclable materials. These trash bins will be color coded. Red trash bins are for non- biodegradable, black for biodegradable, and green for recyclables. 3. There will be stewards for the day. They have to perform the tasks assigned to them. 4. Each classroom will allocate an area where to put used papers so as not to rumple and throw them anywhere. 5. There will be bottle receptacles along the hallways and chapel. Empty bottles should be put there. 6. Waste segregation activity will also be done by assigned students. There will be students assigned every day for the said activity. The selected students will segregate the recyclable materials collected from the bin for recyclables. 7. Sanctions await the violators of the rules. Those who violate the rules will be cleaning some areas of the campus and will be segregating trashes for 30 minutes during their free time. 8. Incentives will be given to those who follow the rules. They will be given extra points in their MAPLE subjects. For the students to be motivated in maintaining the cleanliness of the campus, there will be a contest among all the sections from grade 7 to grade 10. These rules apply to the said contest: 1. Each section will be given 1000 points at the start of the month. Corresponding points for every violation committed by the section. Loneliness of the room orderliness of the room (arrangement of the chairs, the books, and other things inside the classroom) 30% cleanliness of the fade (includes the hallway, the entrance of the classroom) 25% consistency of the cleanliness 5% The section with the highest percentage will be awarded as the section with the Most Organized Classroom. The award will be given at the end of each month. 3. At the end of the month, incentives/awards/prizes await the section with the highest remaining points. 4. On the other hand, the section with the lowest number of points will be sanctioned. Every student that belongs to the section with the lowest number of remaining points will be tasked to clean the school facilities (classrooms, hallways, science laboratory, and the like). . Health and Sanitation Committee will be formed and will be tasked to observe for the progress of the school campaign. 6. Steward of the Month is the one who has a noticeable act of cleaning the surroundings and segregating the trashes. This role model for cleanliness will be selected by the committee at the end of every month. Also, the selected steward of the month will get special award. How to cite Action plan, Papers

Action plan Free Essays

The Student Activity Council (SAC) of HAIFA has formulated the following rules to promote the cleanliness throughout the campus: 1 . Littering inside the campus premises should be avoided by all the students. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Action plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now There will be trash bins for non-biodegradable, biodegradable, and recyclable materials. These trash bins will be color coded. Red trash bins are for non- biodegradable, black for biodegradable, and green for recyclables. 3. There will be stewards for the day. They have to perform the tasks assigned to them. 4. Each classroom will allocate an area where to put used papers so as not to rumple and throw them anywhere. 5. There will be bottle receptacles along the hallways and chapel. Empty bottles should be put there. 6. Waste segregation activity will also be done by assigned students. There will be students assigned every day for the said activity. The selected students will segregate the recyclable materials collected from the bin for recyclables. 7. Sanctions await the violators of the rules. Those who violate the rules will be cleaning some areas of the campus and will be segregating trashes for 30 minutes during their free time. 8. Incentives will be given to those who follow the rules. They will be given extra points in their MAPLE subjects. For the students to be motivated in maintaining the cleanliness of the campus, there will be a contest among all the sections from grade 7 to grade 10. These rules apply to the said contest: 1. Each section will be given 1000 points at the start of the month. Corresponding points for every violation committed by the section. Loneliness of the room orderliness of the room (arrangement of the chairs, the books, and other things inside the classroom) 30% cleanliness of the fade (includes the hallway, the entrance of the classroom) 25% consistency of the cleanliness 5% The section with the highest percentage will be awarded as the section with the Most Organized Classroom. The award will be given at the end of each month. 3. At the end of the month, incentives/awards/prizes await the section with the highest remaining points. 4. On the other hand, the section with the lowest number of points will be sanctioned. Every student that belongs to the section with the lowest number of remaining points will be tasked to clean the school facilities (classrooms, hallways, science laboratory, and the like). . Health and Sanitation Committee will be formed and will be tasked to observe for the progress of the school campaign. 6. Steward of the Month is the one who has a noticeable act of cleaning the surroundings and segregating the trashes. This role model for cleanliness will be selected by the committee at the end of every month. Also, the selected steward of the month will get special award. How to cite Action plan, Papers